“What is the difference between SharePoint Foundation and SharePoint 2010?” “What is part of Standard and Enterprise editions?” These are two of the most common questions I get asked by both people who are new to the SharePoint platform and by people who have worked with one flavor of SharePoint.
Microsoft has a great resource that lists exactly which features are part of which edition of SharePoint. You can even filter the features list by functional area (sites, communities, content, search, insights, and composites). Not only is each feature listed, but hovering over the feature will display a short description of the features. Some features even link to a video showing the feature.
This is one of the few golden resources that I recommend you print, bookmark, email to colleagues, send to OneNote, tweet, … whatever it takes to make it readily available. Enjoy.